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This document describes the SWI-Prolog interface to ODBC, the Microsoft standard for Open DataBase Connectivity. These days there are ODBC managers from multiple vendors for many platforms as well as drivers for most databases, making it an attractive target for a Prolog database connection.

The database interface is envisioned to consist of two layers. The first layer is an encapsulation of the core functionality of ODBC. This layer makes it possible to run SQL queries. The second layer exploits the relation between Prolog predicates and database tables, providing ---a somewhat limited--- natural Prolog view on the data. The current interface only covers the first layer.

1Introduction

The value of RDMS for Prolog is often over-estimated, as Prolog itself can manage substantial amounts of data. Nevertheless a Prolog/RDMS interface provides advantages if data is already provided in an RDMS, data must be shared with other applications, there are strong persistency requirements or there is too much data to fit in memory.

The popularity of ODBC makes it possible to design a single foreign-language module that provides RDMS access for a wide variety of databases on a wide variety of platforms. The SWI-Prolog RDMS interface is closely modeled after the ODBC API. This API is rather low-level, but defaults and dynamic typing provided by Prolog give the user quite simple access to RDMS, while the interface provides the best possible performance given the RDMS independency constraint.

The Prolog community knows about various high-level connections between RDMS and Prolog. We envision these layered on top of the ODBC connection described here.

2The ODBC layer

2.1Global configuration

odbc_set_option(+Property)

Set global properties for the environment. This must be called before calling any other ODBC predicates. Permitted properties currently include

connection_pooling(+bool)

If true, then enable connection pooling for the entire process. Note that due to limitations of ODBC itself, it is not possible to turn pooling off once enabled.

2.2Connection management

The ODBC interface deals with a single ODBC environment with multiple simultaneous connections. The predicates in this section deal with connection management.

odbc_connect(+DSN, -Connection, +Options)

Create a new ODBC connection to (Connections with matching connection string keywords can be used. Keywords must match, but not all connection attributes must match.)

odbc_version(+Atom)

Select the version of the ODBC connection. Default is '3.0'. The other supported value is '2.0'.

The following example connects to the WordNet^{1An SQL version of WordNet is available from http://wordnet2sql.infocity.cjb.net/}[1] database, using the connection alias wordnet and opening the connection only once:

odbc_driver_connect(+DriverString, -Connection, +Options)

Connects to a database using SQLDriverConnect(). This API allows for driver-specific additional options. DriverString is passed without checking. Options should not include user andpassword.

Whenever possible, applications should use odbc_connect/3. If you need this predicate, please check the documentation for SQLDriverConnect() and the documentation of your driver.^{bugFacilities to deal with prompted completion of the driver options are not yet implemented.}

odbc_disconnect(+Connection)

Close the given Connection. This destroys the connection alias or, if there is no alias, makes further use of the Connection handle illegal.

odbc_current_connection(?Connection, ?DSN)

Enumerate the existing ODBC connections.

odbc_set_connection(+Connection, +Option)

Set options on an existing connection. All options defined here may also be specified with odbc_connect/2 in the option-list. Defined options are:

access_mode(Mode)

If read, tell the driver we only access the database in read mode. If update (default), tell the driver we may execute update commands.

auto_commit(bool)

If true (default), each update statement is committed immediately. If false, an update statement starts a transaction that can be committed or rolled-back. See section 2.4 for details on transaction management.

cursor_type(CursorType)

I haven't found a good description of what this does, but setting it to dynamic makes it possible to have multiple active statements on the same connection with Microsoft SQL server. Other values are static, forwards_only and keyset_driven.

encoding(+Encoding)

Define the encoding used to communicate to the driver. Defined values are given below. The default on MS-Windows is unicode while on other platforms it is utf8. Below, the *A() functions refer to the‘ansi' ODBC functions that exchange bytes and the *W() functions refer to the‘unicode' ODBC functions that exchange UCS-2 characters.

iso_latin_1

Communicate using the *A() functions and pass bytes untranslated.

locale

Communicate using the *A() functions and translated between Prolog Unicode characters and their (possibly) multibyte representation in the current locale.

utf8

Communicate using the *A() functions and translated between Prolog Unicode characters and their UTF-8 encoding.

unicode

Communicate using the *W() functions.

silent(Bool)

If true (default false), statements returningSQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO succeed without printing the info. See also section 2.8.1.

null(NullSpecifier)

Defines how the SQL constant NULL is represented. Without specification, the default is the atom $null$. NullSpecifier is an arbitrary Prolog term, though the implementation is optimised for using an unbound variable, atom and functor with one unbound variable. The representation null(_) is a commonly used alternative.

The specified default holds for all statements executed on this connection. Changing the connection default does not affect already prepared or running statements. The null-value can also be specified at the statement level. See the option list of odbc_query/4.

wide_column_threshold(+Length)

If the width of a column exceeds Length, use the API SQLGetData() to get the value incrementally rather than using a (large) buffer allocated with the statement. The default is to use this alternate interface for columns larger than 1024 bytes. There are two cases for using this option. In time critical applications with wide columns it may provide better performance at the cost of a higher memory usage and to work around bugs in SQLGetData(). The latter applies to Microsoft SQL Server fetching the definition of a view.

odbc_get_connection(+Connection, ?Property)

Query for properties of the connection. Property is a term of the format Name(Value). If Property is unbound all defined properties are enumerated on backtracking. Currently the following properties are defined.

database_name(Atom)

Name of the database associated to the connection.

dbms_name(Name)

Name of the database engine. This constant can be used to identify the engine.

dbms_version(Atom)

Version identifier from the database engine.

driver_name(Name)

ODBC Dynamic Link Library providing the interface between ODBC and the database.

driver_odbc_version(Atom)

ODBC version supported by the driver.

driver_version(Atom)

The drivers version identifier.

active_statements(Integer)

Maximum number of statements that can be active at the same time on this connection. Returns 0 (zero) if this is unlimited.^{2Microsoft SQL server can have multiple active statements after setting the option cursor_type to dynamic. See odbc_set_connection/2.}

odbc_data_source(?DSN, ?Description)

Query the defined data sources. It is not required to have any open connections before calling this predicate. DSN is the name of the data source as required by odbc_connect/3. Description is the name of the driver. The driver name may be used to tailor the SQL statements used on the database. Unfortunately this name depends on the local installing details and is therefore not universally useful.

2.3Running SQL queries

ODBC distinguishes between direct execution of literal SQL strings and parameterized execution of SQL strings. The first is a simple practical solution for infrequent calls (such as creating a table), while parameterized execution allows the driver and database to precompile the query and store the optimized code, making it suitable for time-critical operations. In addition, it allows for passing parameters without going through SQL-syntax and thus avoiding the need for quoting.

2.3.1One-time invocation

odbc_query(+Connection, +SQL, -RowOrAffected)

Same as odbc_query/4 using [] for Options.

odbc_query(+Connection, +SQL, -RowOrAffected, +Options)

Fire an SQL query on the database represented by Connection.SQL is any valid SQL statement. SQL statements can be specified as a plain atom, string or a term of the formatFormat-Arguments, which is converted using format/2.

If the statement is a SELECT statement the result-set is returned in RowOrAffected. By default rows are returned one-by-one on backtracking as terms of the functor row/Arity, where Arity denotes the number of columns in the result-set. The library pre-fetches the next value to be able to close the statement and return deterministic success when returning the last row of the result-set. Using the option findall/2 (see below) the result-set is returned as a list of user-specified terms. For other statements this argument returns affected(Rows), where Rows represents the number of rows affected by the statement. If you are not interested in the number of affected rows odbc_query/2 provides a simple interface for sending SQL-statements.

Below is a small example using the connection created fromodbc_connect/3. Please note that the SQL-statement does not end in the‘;’character.

The following example adds a name to a table with parent-relations, returning the number of rows affected by the statement. Note that the SQL quote character is the ASCII single quote and, as this SQL quote is embedded in a single quoted Prolog atom, it must be written as ' or ' (two single quotes). We use the first alternative for better visibility.

Options defines the following options.

types(ListOfTypes)

Determine the Prolog type used to report the column-values. When omitted, default conversion as described in section 2.7 is implied. A column may specify default to use default conversion for that column. The length of the type-list must match the number of columns in the result-set.

For example, in the table word the first column is defined with the SQL type DECIMAL(6). Using this SQL-type, “001' is distinct from “1', but using Prolog integers is a valid representation for Wordnet wordno identifiers. The following query extracts rows using Prolog integers:

See also section 2.7 for notes on type-conversion.

null(NullSpecifier)

Specify SQL NULL representation. See odbc_set_connection/2 for details.

source(Bool)

If true (default false), include the source-column with each result-value. With this option, each result in therow/N-term is of the format below. TableName orColumnName may be the empty atom if the information is not available.^{3This is one possible interface to this information. In many cases it is more efficient and convenient to provide this information separately as it is the same for each result-row.}

column(TableName, ColumnName, Value)

findall(Template, row(Column, .. ))

Instead of returning rows on backtracking this option makes odbc_query/3 return all rows in a list and close the statement. The option is named after the Prolog findall/3 predicate, as the it makes odbc_query/3 behave as the commonly used findall/3 construct below.

Using the findall/2 option the above can be implemented as below. The number of argument of the row term must match the number of columns in the result-set.

The current implementation is incomplete. It does not allow arguments ofrow(..) to be instantiated. Plain instantiation can always be avoided using a proper SELECT statement. Potentially useful however would be the translation of compound terms, especially to translate date/time/timestamp structures to a format for use by the application.

wide_column_threshold(+Length)

Specify threshold column width for using SQLGetData(). See odbc_set_connection/2 for details.

odbc_query(+Connection, +SQL)

As odbc_query/3, but used for SQL-statements that should not return result-rows (i.e. all statements except for SELECT). The predicate prints a diagnostic message if the query returns a result.

2.3.2Parameterised queries

ODBC provides for‘parameterized queries'. These are SQL queries with a ?-sign at places where parameters appear. The ODBC interface and database driver may use this to precompile the SQL-statement, giving better performance on repeated queries. This is exactly what we want if we associate Prolog predicates to database tables. This interface is defined by the following predicates:

odbc_prepare(+Connection, +SQL, +Parameters, -Statement)

As odbc_prepare/5 using [] for Options.

odbc_prepare(+Connection, +SQL, +Parameters, -Statement, +Options)

Create a statement from the given SQL (which may be a format specification as described with odbc_query/3) statement that normally has one or more parameter-indicators (?) and unify Statement with a handle to the created statement. Parameters is a list of descriptions, one for each parameter. Each parameter description is one of the following:

default

Uses the ODBC function SQLDescribeParam() to obtain information about the parameter and apply default rules. See section 2.7 for details. If the interface fails to return a type or the type is unknown to the ODBC interface a message is printed and the interface handles the type as text, which implies the user must supply an atom. The message can be suppressed using the silent(true) option of odbc_set_connection/2. An alternative mapping can be selected using the > option of this predicate described below.

SqlType(Specifier, ..)

Declare the parameter to be of type SqlType with the given specifiers. Specifiers are required for char, varchar, etc. to specify the field-width. When calling odbc_execute/[2-3], the user must supply the parameter values in the default Prolog type for this SQL type. See section 2.7 for details.

PrologType>SqlType

As above, but supply values of the given PrologType, using the type-transformation defined by the database driver. For example, if the parameter is specified as

The use must supply an atom of the format YYYY-MM-DD rather than a term date(Year,Month,Day). This construct enhances flexibility and allows for passing values that have no proper representation in Prolog.

Driver download nvidia. Options defines a list of options for executing the statement. Seeodbc_query/4 for details. In addition, the following option is provided:

fetch(FetchType)

Determine the FetchType, which is one of auto (default) to extract the result-set on backtracking or fetch to prepare the result-set to be fetched using odbc_fetch/3.

odbc_execute(+Statement, +ParameterValues, -RowOrAffected)

Execute a statement prepared with odbc_prepare/4 with the givenParameterValues and return the rows or number of affected rows as odbc_query/4. This predicate may return type_error exceptions if the provided parameter values cannot be converted to the declared types.

ODBC doesn't appear to allow for multiple cursors on the same result-set.^{4Is this right?} This would imply there can only be one active odbc_execute/3 (i.e. with a choice-point) on a prepared statement. Suppose we have a table age (name char(25), age integer) bound to the predicate age/2 we cannot write the code below without special precautions. The ODBC interface therefore creates a clone of a statement if it discovers the statement is being executed, which is discarded after the statement is finished.^{5The code is prepared to maintain a cache of statements. Practice should tell us whether it is worthwhile activating this.}

odbc_execute(+Statement, +ParameterValues)

Like odbc_query/2, this predicate is meant to execute simple SQL statements without interest in the result.

odbc_cancel_thread(+ThreadId)

If the thread ThreadId is currently blocked inside odbc_execute/3 then interrupt it. If ThreadId is not currently executingodbc_execute/4 then odbc_cancel_thread/1 succeeds but does nothing. IfThreadId is not a valid thread ID or alias, an exception is raised.

odbc_free_statement(+Statement)

Destroy a statement prepared with odbc_prepare/4. If the statement is currently executing (i.e. odbc_execute/3 left a choice-point), the destruction is delayed until the execution terminates.

2.3.3Fetching rows explicitely

Normally SQL queries return a result-set that is enumerated on backtracking. Using this approach a result-set is similar to a predicate holding facts. There are some cases where fetching the rows one-by-one, much like read/1 reads terms from a file is more appropriate and there are cases where only part of the result-set is to be fetched. These cases can be dealt with using odbc_fetch/3, which provides an interface to SQLFetchScroll().

As a general rule of thumb, stay away from these functions if you do not really need them. Experiment before deciding on the strategy and often you'll discover the simply backtracking approach is much easier to deal with and about as fast.

odbc_fetch(+Statement, -Row, +Option)

Fetch a row from the result-set of Statement. Statement must be created with odbc_prepare/5 using the option fetch(fetch) and be executed using odbc_execute/2. Row is unified to the fetched row or the atom end_of_file^{6This atom was selected to emphasise the similarity to read.} after the end of the data is reached. Calling odbc_fetch/2 after all data is retrieved causes a permission-error exception. Option is one of:

next

Fetch the next row.

prior

Fetch the result-set going backwards.

first

Fetch the first row.

last

Fetch the last row.

absolute(Offset)

Fetch absolute numbered row. Rows count from one.

relative(Offset)

Fetch relative to the current row. relative(1) is the same as next, except that the first row extracted is row 2.

bookmark(Offset)

Reserved. Bookmarks are not yet supported in this interface.

In many cases, depending on the driver and RDBMS, the cursor-type must be changed using odbc_set_connection/2 for anything different from next to work.

Here is example code each time skipping a row from a table‘test' holding a single column of integers that represent the row-number. This test was executed using unixODBC and MySQL on SuSE Linux.

odbc_close_statement(+Statement)

Closes the given statement (without freeing it). This must be used if not the whole result-set is retrieved using odbc_fetch/3.

2.3.4Fetching data from multiple result sets

Most SQL queries return only a single result set - a list of rows. However, some queries can return more than one result set. For example,’SELECT 1; SELECT 2' is a batch query that returns a single row (1) and then a single row(2). Queries involving stored procedures can easily generate such results.

To retrieve data from a subsequent result set, odbc_next_result_set/1 can be used, but only for prepared queries which were prepared with fetch(fetch) as the fetch style in the option list.

odbc_next_result_set(+Statement)

Succeeds if there is another result set, and positions the cursor at the first row of the new result set. If there are no more result sets, the predicate fails.

2.4Transaction management

ODBC can run in two modi. By default, all update actions are immediately committed on the server. Using odbc_set_connection/2 this behaviour can be switched off, after which each SQL statement that can be inside a transaction implicitly starts a new transaction. This transaction can be ended using odbc_end_transaction/2.

odbc_end_transaction(+Connection, +Action)

End the currently open transaction if there is one. Using Actioncommit pending updates are made permanent, usingrollback they are discarded.

The ODBC documentation has many comments on transaction management and its interaction with database cursors.

2.5Accessing the database dictionary

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With this interface we do not envision the use of Prolog as a database manager. Nevertheless, elementary access to the structure of a database is required, for example to validate a database satisfies the assumptions made by the application.

odbc_current_table(+Connection, -Table)

Return on backtracking the names of all tables in the database identified by the connection.

odbc_current_table(+Connection, ?Table, ?Facet)

Enumerate properties of the tables. Defines facets are:

qualifier(Qualifier)

owner(Owner)

comment(Comment)

These facets are defined by SQLTables()

arity(Arity)

This facet returns the number of columns in a table.

odbc_table_column(+Connection, ?Table, ?Column)

On backtracking, enumerate all columns in all tables.

odbc_table_column(+Connection, ?Table, ?Column, ?Facet)

Provides access to the properties of the table as defined by the ODBC call SQLColumns(). Defined facets are:

table_qualifier(Qualifier)

table_owner(Owner)

table_name(Table)

See odbc_current_table/3.

data_type(DataType)

type_name(TypeName)

precision(Precision)

length(Length)

scale(Scale)

radix(Radix)

nullable(Nullable)

remarks(Remarks)

These facets are defined by SQLColumns()

type(Type)

More prolog-friendly representation of the type properties. Seesection 2.7.

odbc_type(+Connection, ?TypeSpec, ?Facet)

Query the types supported by the data source. TypeSpec is either an integer type-id, the name of an ODBC SQL type or the constantall_types to enumerate all known types. This predicate calls SQLGetTypeInfo() and its facet names are derived from the specification of this ODBC function:

name(Name)

Name used by the

If an ODBC operation returns‘with info', the info is extracted from the interface and handled to the Prolog message dispatcher print_message/2. The level of the message is informational and the term is of the form:

odbc(State, Native, Message)

Here, State is the SQL-state as defined in the ODBC API,Native is the (integer) error code of the underlying data source and Message is a human readable explanation of the message.

2.8.2ODBC errors

If an ODBC operation signals an error, it throws the exceptionerror(odbc(State, Native, Message), _). The arguments of the odbc/3 term are explained in section 2.8.1.

In addition, the Prolog layer performs the normal tests for proper arguments and state, signaling the conventional instantiation, type, domain and resource exceptions.

2.9ODBC implementations

There is a wealth on ODBC implementations that are completely or almost compatible to this interface. In addition, a number of databases are delivered with an ODBC compatible interface. This implies you get the portability benefits of ODBC without paying the configuration and performance price. Currently this interface is, according to thePHP documentation on this subject, provided by Adabas D, IBM DB2, Solid, and Sybase SQL Anywhere.

2.9.1Using unixODBC

The SWI-Prolog ODBC interface was developed usingunixODBC and MySQL onSuSE Linux.

2.9.2Using Microsoft ODBC

On MS-Windows, the ODBC interface is a standard package, linked againstodbc32.lib.

2.10Remaining issues

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The following issues are identified and waiting for concrete problems and suggestions.

Transaction management

This certainly requires a high-level interface. Possibly in combination with call_cleanup/3, providing automatic rollback on failure or exception and commit on success.

High-level interface

Attaching tables to predicates, partial DataLog implementation, etc.

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3Acknowledgments

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.

The SWI-Prolog ODBC interface started from a partial interface by Stefano De Giorgi. Mike Elston suggested programmable null-representation with many other suggestions while doing the first field-tests with this package.

Bibliography

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[1]

George Miller. Wordnet: An on-line lexical database.International Journal of Lexicography, 3(4), 1990. (Special Issue).

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?

call_cleanup/3

2.10

findall/3

format/2

2.3.1

odbc_cancel_thread/1

2.3.2

odbc_close_statement/1

odbc_connect/2

2.2

odbc_connect/3

odbc_current_connection/2

odbc_current_table/2

odbc_current_table/3

2.5

odbc_data_source/2

odbc_debug/1

odbc_disconnect/1

odbc_driver_connect/3

odbc_end_transaction/2

2.4

odbc_execute/2

2.3.3

odbc_execute/3

odbc_execute/4

2.3.2

odbc_fetch/2

2.3.3

odbc_fetch/3

odbc_free_statement/1

2.6

odbc_get_connection/2

odbc_next_result_set/1

2.3.4

odbc_prepare/4

odbc_prepare/5

odbc_query/2

odbc_query/3

odbc_query/4

odbc_set_connection/2

odbc_set_option/1

2.2

odbc_statistics/1

odbc_table_column/3

odbc_table_column/4

odbc_table_foreign_key/5

odbc_table_primary_key/3

odbc_type/3

print_message/2

2.8.1

read/1

2.3.3