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What is an I/O error?

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I/O device error is short for Input-Output Error and it occurs when the OS is not able to perform an input-output action when accessing a drive.

This error can occur with various types of hardware devices such as USB’s, internal and external hard drives, SD cards or even CD/ DVD. The most common I/O error messages are

• 'The request could not be performed because of an I/O error'
• I/O Error codes: error 21, error 103, error 105, error 131
• 'The directory name is invalid' error

There are multiple reasons for this error to occur and they are explained as follows

• The hardware device is damaged
• The hardware drivers are corrupt or incompatible
• Connection issues such as a faulty cable
• USB controllers have become unstable or corrupt

How to Resolve I/O Error?

There are a series of checks and troubleshooting steps that you can perform on after the other to fix the I/O device error on your Windows 10, 8, 7, and all the earlier versions of the Windows operating system.

Note: If in case you have lost any data such as documents, photos or videos click here for the recovery option, before troubleshooting the error. This is recommended because it is your last chance of recovering the data.

Check if the Cables are Connected Properly

Make sure that the cable connecting USB to the computer works properly. If the cable is faulty, the drive will not work. Try another cable and also try connecting the USB to another USB port to make sure the port is not defective.

If this doesn't help you solve the I/O error, proceed to the next step.

Perform a Clean Boot

Try to clean boot your system to check if a driver conflicts with the drive. Drivers are very crucial for the smooth reading and writing of the USB drive. To perform a clean boot, perform the following steps.

1. Press Windows + R to open Run
2. Type msconfig and click Ok
3. On the General tab > Selective Startup
4. Clear the Load Startup items and click on Services tab
5. Select Hide All Microsoft Services checkbox
6. Click Disable All
7. Click Startup tab, and open Task Manager
8. On the Startup tab, right-click each enabled startup item and select Disable
9. Click Ok and restart your system

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If a clean boot works properly, there may be problems with a driver or program on your computer.

Reinstall USB Controllers

At times the USB drive option might not be showing up on your computer, this is because of a problem with the USB controllers. By reinstalling the USB controllers you will be able to resolve the I/O error on the computer

1. Click Windows + X to open the power users menu
2. Click on Computer Management > Device Manager
3. Expand Universal Serial Bus controllers. Right-click on a device and click Uninstall
4. Repeat for each device and once complete, restart your computer. Your USB controllers will automatically install.

If this step resolved the error you are done. If not proceed to the next step.

Check the Status of the Device in Device Manager

1. Press Windows + X to open the power users menu and click Computer Management.
2. Then select Device Manager

Check the status of the USB here to ensure the device is working properly. Device Manager will identify if there is any problem or a software conflict.

Update device drivers if they are outdated or corrupt. If this does not solve the problem, there may be an issue with the USB device. If you are being prompted with 'Format to access the Drive' or any similar message, learn how to fix a USB drive without formatting. Thus, if you proceed with formatting, it will lead to permanent data loss.

Replace the USB Drive

If none of the above methods solve the issue, your USB device may be faulty. It is a good idea to recover data and replace your device. If you’re receiving the error, it is likely that data on your USB is inaccessible.

Data recovery using Remo Recover

There a number of tools available to recover data from inaccessible USB’s. Remo Recover is one of the best tools available. It can recover data from inaccessible and corrupt USB drives. It uses powerful algorithms to scan your drive and recover data.

In addition to USB, it can also be used to retrieve data from other storage devices such as external and internal hard drives, memory cards, etc. It is compatible with all versions of Windows OS including Windows 10.

Remo Recover is a simple to use tool with a user-friendly interface. Refer to recover data from unreadable USB for a detailed guide to the recovery process.

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One of the important jobs of an Operating System is to manage various I/O devices including mouse, keyboards, touch pad, disk drives, display adapters, USB devices, Bit-mapped screen, LED, Analog-to-digital converter, On/off switch, network connections, audio I/O, printers etc.

An I/O system is required to take an application I/O request and send it to the physical device, then take whatever response comes back from the device and send it to the application. I/O devices can be divided into two categories −

• Block devices − A block device is one with which the driver communicates by sending entire blocks of data. For example, Hard disks, USB cameras, Disk-On-Key etc.

• Character devices − A character device is one with which the driver communicates by sending and receiving single characters (bytes, octets). For example, serial ports, parallel ports, sounds cards etc

Device Controllers

Device drivers are software modules that can be plugged into an OS to handle a particular device. Operating System takes help from device drivers to handle all I/O devices.

The Device Controller works like an interface between a device and a device driver. I/O units (Keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) typically consist of a mechanical component and an electronic component where electronic component is called the device controller.

There is always a device controller and a device driver for each device to communicate with the Operating Systems. A device controller may be able to handle multiple devices. As an interface its main task is to convert serial bit stream to block of bytes, perform error correction as necessary.

Any device connected to the computer is connected by a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Following is a model for connecting the CPU, memory, controllers, and I/O devices where CPU and device controllers all use a common bus for communication.

Synchronous vs asynchronous I/O

• Synchronous I/O − In this scheme CPU execution waits while I/O proceeds

• Asynchronous I/O − I/O proceeds concurrently with CPU execution

Communication to I/O Devices

The CPU must have a way to pass information to and from an I/O device. There are three approaches available to communicate with the CPU and Device.

• Special Instruction I/O
• Memory-mapped I/O
• Direct memory access (DMA)

Special Instruction I/O

This uses CPU instructions that are specifically made for controlling I/O devices. These instructions typically allow data to be sent to an I/O device or read from an I/O device.

Memory-mapped I/O

When using memory-mapped I/O, the same address space is shared by memory and I/O devices. The device is connected directly to certain main memory locations so that I/O device can transfer block of data to/from memory without going through CPU.

While using memory mapped IO, OS allocates buffer in memory and informs I/O device to use that buffer to send data to the CPU. I/O device operates asynchronously with CPU, interrupts CPU when finished.

The advantage to this method is that every instruction which can access memory can be used to manipulate an I/O device. Memory mapped IO is used for most high-speed I/O devices like disks, communication interfaces.

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Slow devices like keyboards will generate an interrupt to the main CPU after each byte is transferred. If a fast device such as a disk generated an interrupt for each byte, the operating system would spend most of its time handling these interrupts. So a typical computer uses direct memory access (DMA) hardware to reduce this overhead.

Direct Memory Access (DMA) means CPU grants I/O module authority to read from or write to memory without involvement. DMA module itself controls exchange of data between main memory and the I/O device. CPU is only involved at the beginning and end of the transfer and interrupted only after entire block has been transferred.

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Direct Memory Access needs a special hardware called DMA controller (DMAC) that manages the data transfers and arbitrates access to the system bus. The controllers are programmed with source and destination pointers (where to read/write the data), counters to track the number of transferred bytes, and settings, which includes I/O and memory types, interrupts and states for the CPU cycles.

The operating system uses the DMA hardware as follows −

Step	Description
1	Device driver is instructed to transfer disk data to a buffer address X.
2	Device driver then instruct disk controller to transfer data to buffer.
3	Disk controller starts DMA transfer.
4	Disk controller sends each byte to DMA controller.
5	DMA controller transfers bytes to buffer, increases the memory address, decreases the counter C until C becomes zero.
6	When C becomes zero, DMA interrupts CPU to signal transfer completion.

Polling vs Interrupts I/O

A computer must have a way of detecting the arrival of any type of input. There are two ways that this can happen, known as polling and interrupts. Both of these techniques allow the processor to deal with events that can happen at any time and that are not related to the process it is currently running.

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Polling I/O

Polling is the simplest way for an I/O device to communicate with the processor. The process of periodically checking status of the device to see if it is time for the next I/O operation, is called polling. The I/O device simply puts the information in a Status register, and the processor must come and get the information.

Most of the time, devices will not require attention and when one does it will have to wait until it is next interrogated by the polling program. This is an inefficient method and much of the processors time is wasted on unnecessary polls.

Compare this method to a teacher continually asking every student in a class, one after another, if they need help. Obviously the more efficient method would be for a student to inform the teacher whenever they require assistance.

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Interrupts I/O

An alternative scheme for dealing with I/O is the interrupt-driven method. An interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor from a device that requires attention.

A device controller puts an interrupt signal on the bus when it needs CPU’s attention when CPU receives an interrupt, It saves its current state and invokes the appropriate interrupt handler using the interrupt vector (addresses of OS routines to handle various events). When the interrupting device has been dealt with, the CPU continues with its original task as if it had never been interrupted.